Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase For Lincolns Killer by James L. Swanson.

A film saint turned into the moving legend after he killed President Abraham Lincoln. For the first time ever, he discharged not the fake shots, however the ones that will give him acclaim and spot in World History as a rule and American History specifically. The whole Nation was the crowd for this film. John Wilkes Booth realized that demise was tailing him; maybe his last acting task reached the end, on the twelfth day of the ‘shooting!’ The author’s proposal in his book is basic and direct: Why John Wilkes Booth did what he did? Was it the unconstrained flood of his profound anguish over the approaches of the President? The professional killer had only twelve days to live after he shot the President; the security powers pursuing did  shoot him; however before that they consumed he outbuilding in which he was covering up! The author’s point of view: The creator James L. Swanson, won't get another topic like this, may God prohibit! The man who was executed and the man who murdered him, both small notable characters in their separate territories. The legislator government official versus the adaptable film man! The professional killer was a popular, attractive on-screen character, who in any case deserved bunches of admiration. The ‘Booth Capturing’ difficulty went on for 12 days, from April 14 to 26, 1865. The pursuit was a spine chiller; it would beat the best trick and war film with respect to the grouping of occasions! The creator portrays how the thoughtful people attempted to spare the executioner and how he was at long last outfoxed by the security powers! Swanson has composed the book with a stupendous feeling of contribution. He has given an intriguing book and from the perspective of composing style, he gives all out equity to the awful subject. Why not! He is an individual from the Lincoln Bicentennial Commission, and more likely than not sieved through the immense writing accessible on the life, demise and after - passing arrangement of occasions identified with the best President of USA, Abraham Lincoln. The man who started the Civil War for an extraordinary reason, and the man who celebrated and extolled with open heart, its decision! The Nation at that point more likely than not sat tight anxiously concerning the everyday chase for the executioner and hurled the murmur of alleviation when the professional killer met with the bloody end. On April 26, when Booth would not give up, troops set the outbuilding wherein he was stowing away, ablaze. Sergeant Boston Corbett shot the professional killer. Following a couple of hours at dawn, Booth kicked the bucket. April 26-27 Booth's body was taken back to Washington, autopsied, shot, and covered in a mystery grave.   He got what he merited. Lincoln merited more to appreciate the fructification of his goals. Be that as it may, fate had its influence. They state, â€Å"It is smarter to merit without accepting, than to get without deserving!† The topic of the novel is incredible! How the creator handles the topic is considerably more prominent, which brings out ceaseless interest. The degree of separation accomplished by the creator in taking care of a profoundly touchy activity stuffed subject is exemplary. Without giving space for an excess of sentimentalism, the different bleak circumstances show unmistakably, develop and accomplish new measurements. The book merits a remarkable position and grade because of this methodology. It's anything but a book; it is the triumph! End: The activity of John Wilkes Booth can not be named as unconstrained. He wished to vindicate the thrashing of the South. His heart was the homestead of racial scorn. On April 14, 1865 around early afternoon Booth got the data that Lincoln was coming to Ford’s Theater that night. Inside eight hours he had arranged his arrangement of death. This demonstrates the choice to murder Lincoln was not unconstrained. He was intellectually arranged for that, a lot prior. The book is the tale of the manhunt, yet in a book of around 400 pages, Lincoln’s demise happens in page 139. Heaps of related backgrounder data is given in the book. It has all the characteristics of secret, history, investigator story and disaster. It is the joy of the psycho-investigator.                       Â

The Top 3 management principle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Top 3 administration rule - Essay Example The best three administration rules that can make unrivaled social insurance chiefs are vital and operational arranging and dynamic, execution the board, and change the executives since they make supervisors mindful of and receptive to both inner and outer administration and initiative needs. The main significant administration rule is key and operational arranging and dynamic since they combine the elements of administrators as â€Å"managers† and â€Å"leaders.† Management is separated from authority since chiefs are worried of arranging and overseeing every day tasks, while pioneers are worried of driving basic hierarchical and additionally ecological changes. A predominant medicinal services chief must be both: a pioneer who can deliver key plans that manage changes in and outside the association and an administrator who can turn these designs to useful activity plans and who can screen, assess, and direct their day by day applications (Liebler and McConnell 92). A model is making the key arrangement of robotizing the data arrangement of the medical clinic that utilizes conventional paper positions, while an operational arrangement is having a far reaching money related operational administration plan that will manage up and coming spending cuts. These p lans, likewise, are diverse in their degree, time allotment, and redundancy levels. Key plans are wide, made for long haul objectives, and single-standing, while operational plans are explicit, momentary destinations that are rehashed, except if key changes are made. These plans, in addition, require settling on key and operational choices (Liebler and McConnell 116-117). A vital choice is picking what street to take, while an operational choice is picking how best to take the excursion on that particular street. Without center and lower level administrators who can't settle on operational choices or when upper administration is called to help choose

Ludei

Ludei INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Francisco with Ludei. Eneko, who are you and what do you do?Eneko: Hi, hows it going?Martin: Good.Eneko: So, our company, its a platform for developers, specifically for HTML 5, JavaScript, and app developers.Martin: Ok, great. And how did you come up with this idea and what type of other companies did you start before?Eneko: I started a web hosting company back in Spain like 10 years ago. This company was acquired by Telefonica. And then I started different companies, so one of them was Ludei, in the beginning Ludei was game studio, and we were looking for a solution for cross-platform development. We were looking for a way to code once and have a game running everywhere. And it was like 4 years ago that we started using HTML 5 or messing around with HTML 5 to see if it was an actual feasible technology to use for games. And we were facing different problems, we solved all of them, and we manage HTML 5 to run really fast on every device, a nd thats when we decided to become a platform, in sense of our games to the technology company, to sell this technology through this platform to other developers. And we also open this technology to every app developer, not only game developers. So, Ludei is a platform for every app developer, we make their lives easier, we make their apps run faster without any problem on every device.BUSINESS MODELMartin: And hows the revenue model working?Eneko: So, its software as a service model. So developers they come to our platform, everything is web-based, really scalable, they sign up for, they choose their plan and they pay, or they have our free plan, or they pay depending on the different features that they want, and we also make money by publishing different apps. When we find an app or a game that could be successful, we partner with the developer and then we share their revenue.Martin: Ok, great. And if you segment your customers, by size for example or maybe region, what percentage is, for example, in terms of production and developer studios, or single developers, and maybe even in countries?Eneko: Our developers, now we have more than 40 thousand, they are from all over the world, so a big parties they are here in America, we have tons of, a lots of European developers and also in Asia, so I think its like very widespread around the world, and so we have from very small developers to bigger companies, so we are working with Disney, Nickelodeon, with big companies, too. And so its from one developer that is working at home from big customers, we have all the range.Martin: And how did you decide when the pivot was necessary from being a game studio to becoming this kind of ecosystem or platform?Eneko: Its a good question. When you run a startup, there is the moment, where you have to try to find where the opportunity is. So maybe, you never know, maybe we could have chosen to keep on building games and maybe we could be have been now like super big publisher. Or maybe we did the right choice by becoming a technology company and now we are very successful, we are going faster, we are now in the space where maybe two years ago people didnt really believe in HTML 5, and now everybody believes in HTML 5 again, and now we are going really fast. So, you never know, but we thought that there was an opportunity there, and nobody was there, and we had great team, a great technology, so we decided to get there.Martin: Ok, great. Can you briefly tell us about HTML 5 and why its helpful or the right technology now?Eneko: We believe that today its crazy, actually, but idea to have one team to develop an app for iOS, one team to develop an app for Android, and for other platforms, because today maybe you also need the web version or Windows phone version. So, any company that needs either 4 people or 4 teams, thats crazy. Because, its not only developing an app, its maintaining the app, because you have an app that is live, and you have to keep on ad ding features. So, thats a huge cost. If you have a way to develop cross-platform, to code once and be everywhere, your costs are totally reduced. We believe that today, JavaScript HTML 5 is the way to go, to code an app and to be everywhere. There are great tools, there is this great technology, devices are getting better and better and they run JavaScript faster, so we believe that today its an option and tomorrow everybody is going to develop the apps using JavaScript HTML 5.Martin: What have been the major obstacles when you pivoted and then started to grow your platform / ecosystem? What have been your major problems, where you said Oh my god, we need to solve this hard problem, how should we do it?Eneko: Our biggest problem was when, there was a moment where everybody was pushing HTML 5 and there was even a bubble on HTML 5, it was the next big thing. And at some point Facebook, Facebook was also a big proponent of HTML 5, and one day they decided not to use HTML 5 anymore. So Mark Zuckerberg, he said at a big conference that HTML 5 was a big mistake and then that was a really bad moment for us, for every company that was in the HTML 5 space, that was a bad moment. But, because for the press, for everyone its like HTML 5 doesnt work, but in the end of the day we had tons of customers that they were actually using HTML 5 successfully, it was working. And using technology like ours that actually, our technology makes HTML 5 run on mobile devices, so our customers were able to develop and to use HTML 5 successfully. So, we were growing slowly and now we are growing really fast because now people really believe again in HTML 5 and now we are going fast again.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Lets talk briefly about corporate strategy. So, at what stage of the adaption cycle do you think you are currently? Is it more that you only have the early adopters who would say Ok, I want to develop an app and I want to lower my cost for distributing this app to different plat forms, thats why I use Ludei, or is it really like that you have the major parts of the market covered already?Eneko: Thats a good question because maybe a few months ago we had only the early adopters, we have now more and more customers. But we are in the beginning, so most of the development today is native, so exclusively for each platform. So we are just in the beginning, there are only a small percentage so far that companies hire our developing apps using cross-platform technology, so the opportunity is there and we are in the first line to catch the wave.Martin: And what are the major challenges when trying to convert prospect to a customer? Because from an ex owner perspective it looks great, I can distribute it to another platform, if you pitch me without having background knowledge I would say, Ok, come on, lets try this. What are the major challenges for pitching this?Eneko: Developers are used to code in one language and sometimes for them it is hard to learn a new lang uage and to start using it and to try it unless they are sure that its going to be successful. So, thats when these developers or people in general, when they see success stories, apps that are developed in HTML 5, that are in the top of the app stores, and everybodys using them, so they are going to be more confident. But today there are more and more good applications, people believe in that and also that the cost, you cant have four teams to develop an app.Martin: What do you think, what are the percentage of lets say cost savings, for example if I develop for each and every platform my app vs. I develop at HTML 5 and then just distribute it via Ludei?Eneko: So you can reduce the cost like 4 times, you can spend only 1/4 of the cost of cost of having 4 teams.Martin: Ok, great.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS In San Francisco, we meet founder and CEO of Ludei, Eneko Knorr. He shares his story how he came up with the idea and founded this company, how the current business model works, as well as Eneko provides some advice for young entrepreneurs.The transcription of the interview is provided below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Francisco with Ludei. Eneko, who are you and what do you do?Eneko: Hi, hows it going?Martin: Good.Eneko: So, our company, its a platform for developers, specifically for HTML 5, JavaScript, and app developers.Martin: Ok, great. And how did you come up with this idea and what type of other companies did you start before?Eneko: I started a web hosting company back in Spain like 10 years ago. This company was acquired by Telefonica. And then I started different companies, so one of them was Ludei, in the beginning Ludei was game studio, and we were looking for a solution for cross-platform development. We were looking for a way to code once and have a game running everywhere. And it was like 4 years ago that we started using HTML 5 or messing around with HTML 5 to see if it was an actual feasible technology to use for games. And we were facing different problems, we solved all of them, and we manage HTML 5 to run really fast on every device, and thats when we decided to become a platform, in sense of our games to the technology company, to sell this technology through this platform to other developers. And we also open this technology to every app developer, not only game developers. So, Ludei is a platform for every app developer, we make their lives easier, we make their apps run faster without any problem on every device.BUSINESS MODELMartin: And hows the revenue model working?Eneko: So, its software as a service model. So developers they come to our platform, everything is web-based, really scalable, they sign up for, they choose their plan and they pay, or they have our free plan, or they pay depending on the different features that they want, and we also make money by publishing different apps. When we find an app or a game that could be successful, we partner with the developer and then we share their revenue.Martin: Ok, great. And if you segment your customers, by size for example or maybe region, what percentage is, for example, in terms of production and developer studios, or single developers, and maybe even in countries?Eneko: Our developers, now we have more than 40 thousand, they are from all over the world, so a big parties they are here in America, we have tons of, a lots of European developers and also in Asia, so I think its like very widespread around the world, and so we have from very small developers to bigger companies, so we are working with Disney, Nickelodeon, with big companies, too. And so its from one developer that is working at home from big customers, we have all the range.Martin: And how did you decide when the pivot was necessary from being a game studio to becoming this kind o f ecosystem or platform?Eneko: Its a good question. When you run a startup, there is the moment, where you have to try to find where the opportunity is. So maybe, you never know, maybe we could have chosen to keep on building games and maybe we could be have been now like super big publisher. Or maybe we did the right choice by becoming a technology company and now we are very successful, we are going faster, we are now in the space where maybe two years ago people didnt really believe in HTML 5, and now everybody believes in HTML 5 again, and now we are going really fast. So, you never know, but we thought that there was an opportunity there, and nobody was there, and we had great team, a great technology, so we decided to get there.Martin: Ok, great. Can you briefly tell us about HTML 5 and why its helpful or the right technology now?Eneko: We believe that today its crazy, actually, but idea to have one team to develop an app for iOS, one team to develop an app for Android, and fo r other platforms, because today maybe you also need the web version or Windows phone version. So, any company that needs either 4 people or 4 teams, thats crazy. Because, its not only developing an app, its maintaining the app, because you have an app that is live, and you have to keep on adding features. So, thats a huge cost. If you have a way to develop cross-platform, to code once and be everywhere, your costs are totally reduced. We believe that today, JavaScript HTML 5 is the way to go, to code an app and to be everywhere. There are great tools, there is this great technology, devices are getting better and better and they run JavaScript faster, so we believe that today its an option and tomorrow everybody is going to develop the apps using JavaScript HTML 5.Martin: What have been the major obstacles when you pivoted and then started to grow your platform / ecosystem? What have been your major problems, where you said Oh my god, we need to solve this hard problem, how should we do it?Eneko: Our biggest problem was when, there was a moment where everybody was pushing HTML 5 and there was even a bubble on HTML 5, it was the next big thing. And at some point Facebook, Facebook was also a big proponent of HTML 5, and one day they decided not to use HTML 5 anymore. So Mark Zuckerberg, he said at a big conference that HTML 5 was a big mistake and then that was a really bad moment for us, for every company that was in the HTML 5 space, that was a bad moment. But, because for the press, for everyone its like HTML 5 doesnt work, but in the end of the day we had tons of customers that they were actually using HTML 5 successfully, it was working. And using technology like ours that actually, our technology makes HTML 5 run on mobile devices, so our customers were able to develop and to use HTML 5 successfully. So, we were growing slowly and now we are growing really fast because now people really believe again in HTML 5 and now we are going fast again.CORPORATE ST RATEGYMartin: Lets talk briefly about corporate strategy. So, at what stage of the adaption cycle do you think you are currently? Is it more that you only have the early adopters who would say Ok, I want to develop an app and I want to lower my cost for distributing this app to different platforms, thats why I use Ludei, or is it really like that you have the major parts of the market covered already?Eneko: Thats a good question because maybe a few months ago we had only the early adopters, we have now more and more customers. But we are in the beginning, so most of the development today is native, so exclusively for each platform. So we are just in the beginning, there are only a small percentage so far that companies hire our developing apps using cross-platform technology, so the opportunity is there and we are in the first line to catch the wave.Martin: And what are the major challenges when trying to convert prospect to a customer? Because from an ex owner perspective it looks great, I can distribute it to another platform, if you pitch me without having background knowledge I would say, Ok, come on, lets try this. What are the major challenges for pitching this?Eneko: Developers are used to code in one language and sometimes for them it is hard to learn a new language and to start using it and to try it unless they are sure that its going to be successful. So, thats when these developers or people in general, when they see success stories, apps that are developed in HTML 5, that are in the top of the app stores, and everybodys using them, so they are going to be more confident. But today there are more and more good applications, people believe in that and also that the cost, you cant have four teams to develop an app.Martin: What do you think, what are the percentage of lets say cost savings, for example if I develop for each and every platform my app vs. I develop at HTML 5 and then just distribute it via Ludei?Eneko: So you can reduce the cost like 4 times, you can spend only 1/4 of the cost of cost of having 4 teams.Martin: Ok, great.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURSMartin: Lets talk about your learnings as an entrepreneur. You started some other companies. What have been your major problems that you needed to overcome and what have been your major learnings?Eneko: As an entrepreneur, of course, usually the most difficult thing is.., its important to find the right direction for your business, the right idea to push that idea, to follow that path, and its also really difficult to find the right team. Now, Im really proud to have like a rock star team, really good developers and really amazing team, weve been working together for 4 years. But this is really difficult to find that team and its really difficult to manage all your team, your employees, and thats the most challenging part for the business. And of course its also difficult to sell, to get a name for your company, to make people know about your technology, of course those are r eally difficult things.Martin: Eneko, what other learnings have you, maybe we can also talk a little bit about your first startup, the hosting company?Eneko: So, we started a hosting company where, of course, there were other hosting companies in Spain, so we were struggling, we were trying to grow and we couldnt find the way because the beginning is very difficult to get the first customers, and then I discovered, I dont know how I discovered, there was one thing that was totally new and even in Spain, was totally new something called AdWords, Google AdWords.Martin: I dont know, whats that? ??Eneko: So, I said ok, lets try to use AdWords, and we spent some money there and it was very, very cheap to get the first customers. So one click for the word like domain, or hosting was like 5 cents, and today that word, the click would cost like 5 dollars, so that was a good price. Of course, it was luck, but it was also trial error, because I tried everything, every other marketing, ways t o try to promote our company and that was successful. So, sometimes in there, when you run a startup, sometimes to be successful you have to work really hard, thats for sure, and find the right opportunities, but sometimes theres a bit of luck. Good luck or bad luck, but, and I think thats something thats, you need to have luck, of course you have to work hard, but there are parts where you really need this bit of help, of luck.Martin: The interesting thing about your company right now is that you moved from, or at least partly, from Spain to the Silicon Valley. What would be your advice for other international startups that are sitting in the UK, or in Germany, etc.? Should they move here, and if yes, what parts?Eneko: Ive been here in Silicon Valley for 3 years, so I learned that maybe from the European companies within that this is, the paradise. Its very easy to be here and you get tons of investment, they are going to give you money like tomorrow, and that doesnt happen. And so its hard to run a company here and to be successful. There are like 5.000 companies looking for fund today here in the Bay Area, there is a lot of noise and you need to, if you want to have press, so there are tons of interesting companies, the best companies in the world are here, so you need to do something different to be out there. So, thats challenging. But, I moved here because I believed that this is the place to sell technology and to become a global company, a global successful company. And 3 year later, I still think that this is the place to be. Because, maybe you could have really good technology, like in the small village in Spain, or in France, or in Germany, but its really difficult, sometimes I feel like if you are not here, that technology is difficult to sell. So this super cool technology that comes from this small village in Italy, so I think that people dont believe that company, that technology could be better than technology that is created here in Silicon Va lley. So, I still believe that this is the right place to be for a startup.Martin: This is, so to speak, because of the customer proximity or something else?Eneko: So, its the customer proximity, and you have the bigger, the biggest partners that you can have here, doing technology like the Facebook or Google or Apple, the technology press is here. So and the technology press, sometimes if youre based here in the Bay Area, they dont write about you. So, this ecosystem is, it makes that you can be here and so the chances to be more successful globally I think that are bigger. Of course, there are disadvantages of being here, its challenging to get inside the Silicon Valley ecosystem, and its very expensive to live here, and its very expensive to hire people here, and everything is really expensive. But I still believe that this is, I would recommend any European startup to move here, of course.Martin: Thank you very much, Eneko. And if you are still trying to develop your native apps for each and every platform, maybe you should think about it and move to Ludei. Thanks.Eneko: Thank you.

The Pros and Cons of Three Types of Online Communities-...

An online community is a network of people who come together and communicate online, usually because of a common interest or goal. There are many different types of online communities. Some examples of online communities are: email distribution lists, message boards and newsgroups, instant message (IM) services, chat rooms, blogging sites, social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook, and online classrooms/school groups. I intend to discuss three of these types of online communities – chat rooms, social network sites, and online classrooms/school groups – and look into the pros and cons of using each of these. First, I will talk about internet chat rooms. A chat room is a site where users can talk live to other users. Users†¦show more content†¦There is no face to face with online chat rooms. Chat rooms enable people to act or say things in ways that they may not normally if they were face to face. This could also be a pro or a con, depending on the situation. One last con of chat rooms would be that, although you can talk to other people almost as if you were face to face instead of waiting for a response as you would have to with an email, you still have to wait for the other person to be online. If you want to chat with someone and they are not online, the chat room isn’t going to do you much good. Sometimes people will prearrange times to get online and chat with another person. This is one way to overcome this con. Next, I will discuss social networking sites. Some examples of social networking sites would be MySpace, Facebook, Classmates.com, and Twitter. Social networking can be a wonderful and fun way to keep in touch and communicate with your family, friends, and colleagues. They can save you time and effort. If you need to get in touch with someone, and you are both members of the same social networking site, you can quickly and easily send him/her a message on the site. Instead of having to make arrangements and plans to meet at a certain place, at a certain time, you can discuss things on the site. Social networking sites can also be a great place to get in touch with old friends or talk to people that you don’t often get to see. You canShow MoreRelatedSocial Research 2.0: Virtual Snowball Sampling Method9226 Words   |  37 PagesInternet Research Emerald Article: Social research 2.0: virtual snowball sampling method using Facebook Fabiola Baltar, Ignasi Brunet Article information: To cite this document: Fabiola Baltar, Ignasi Brunet, (2012),Social research 2.0: virtual snowball sampling method using Facebook, Internet Research, Vol. 22 Iss: 1 pp. 57 - 74 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662241211199960 Downloaded on: 11-05-2012 References: This document contains references to 48 other documentsRead MoreTechnology Essay11684 Words   |  47 PagesRelationships are being built online or through phones. 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Child Day Care - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 213 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Society Essay Type Report Level High school Tags: Children Essay Student Essay Did you like this example? Child day care is an essential resource for parenting students. Quality and reliable daycare services allows students to further with their college education and graduate successfully. Excelling in education enables the students to acquire a quality economic life in which they can provide for their children, community, families and contribute to the development of the nations economy. The anticipated child daycare center will be constructed at Baker College of Allen Park, building B room 107. The daycare will provide care for students toddlers and children that attend Bakers College. The establishment, construction, and operation of the daycare will require much capital and thus eligible for substantial funding. Therefore, various funding sources can help maneuver the challenge. Federal financing sources Child Care and Development Funds that constitute the primary national program that deals with children care services and quality. Child and Adult Care Food Programs that is managed by United States Department of agriculture. USDA Special Milk Program- it will cater for toddlers milk costs Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Individuals with Disability Education Act Grants Perkins Grants finances academic support operations State financing sources Michigans Targeted State Higher Education Funding for Campus Prekindergarten funding State Child Care Funding Child and Dependent Care Tax Credits Other financial sources Baker College financial support Donations from charities Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Child Day Care" essay for you Create order

The Biological Importance of Water Free Essays

The Biological Importance of Water for Living Organisms Water is made up of two elements, 2 positively charged hydrogen molecules and one negatively charged oxygen molecule. Water molecules have uneven charge distribution as one end of the molecule is slightly positive and the other slightly negative, this is called polar. Ionic substances such as sodium chloride dissolve easily in water because the positively and negatively charged ions are separated due to the dipole nature of water. We will write a custom essay sample on The Biological Importance of Water or any similar topic only for you Order Now As water is dipolar, the positively charged atoms of one water molecule attracted the negatively charged molecule of another water molecule. This is called hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonding between each molecule results in water being liquid at room temperature as it takes a lot of energy to turn it into gas due to its high heat capacity. Hydrogen bonding makes water extremely cohesive. Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type (e. g two water molecules). Water is very cohesive due to the dipolar nature of the molecule. Cohesion helps the water to flow which is important in its transportation and enables substances to be easily dissolved and transported. Waters dipole nature also makes it a good solvent. A lot of substances which take part in biological reactions are ionic, which means they are either made of one positively charged atom or molecule, or one negatively charged atom or molecule. As water is dipole, it means that the positively charged hydrogens will be attracted to the negative atoms or molecules, and the negatively charged oxygen will be attracted to the positively charged atoms or molecules, resulting in ions being totally surrounded by water molecules. In other words, the atoms or molecules will be dissolved by the water. Water is important to living organisms because its molecules can move freely enabling chemical reactions to occur easily in solution. For example, seminal fluid is mostly water which enables fertilisation to occur easily and allows sperm to swim towards the egg. Hydrophilic substances (water loving substances) such as glucose and amino acids dissolve easily due to the nature of their polarity of their charged groups (-OH for sugars, -NH? and COOH for amino acids). As hydrophilic ubstances such as glucose can dissolve in water, it is beneficial for plants as they take up minerals and substances in solution. Furthermore, oxygen is a component of water which also allows organisms to respire in water. Blood Plasma is the main component of blood. Plasma is made of 90% water which enables blood to carry its essential nutrients such as glucose and amino acids as well as respiratory gasses. As respiratory gasses are able to travel through blood plasma, it allows essential processes to take place such as respiration. The plasma also carries other materials such as platelets which allow clotting, this is helped to be transported by the plasmas composition of 90% water. Waters high specific heat capacity allows it act as a buffer. This is essential in endothermic organisms that need to maintain a constant body temperature in order to optimise enzyme activity and regulate its metabolism. The large number of hydrogen bonding makes it difficult for the water molecules to evaporate. When water molecules do evaporate, an exothermic reaction takes place which acts as a cooling mechanism. Water is able to remain a liquid over a large span of temperatures which is essential for metabolism and aquatic organisms. It is beneficial for aquatic organisms who are cold blooded as some may not be able to control their body temperature. It is beneficial as there is a minimal temperature fluctuation which keeps organisms body temperature constant. Keeping a constant temperature is important. In order for living organisms such as enzymes to keep functioning at their best, water needs to be kept a constant temperature to keep the enzymes working at their optimum temperature and stop them from denaturing. Furthermore, water also provides internal support for many living organisms. For example, water fills up in the cells of plants to stop them going flaccid as apposed to their turgid structure. Keeping the cells turgid keeps the plant upright which also benefits the plant when it comes to catching as much light as possible when photosynthesising. Water can also be taken in through the xylem of a plant in a continuous column which is also a benefit for photosynthesis. In addition to that, water also provides internal support for mammals whose fetuses are surrounded in amniotic fluid. This will not only provide protection for the fetus but also allow minerals to pass in and out of the fluid via osmosis. As well as internal support, water also provides external support. Water has a high surface tension which allows some organisms to stay afloat. An example of an organism which uses this to its advantage is a pond skater. They use the high surface tension to walk/glide along the waters surface, as there is a high tension, it prevents it from sinking. Furthermore, a high surface tension allows ice caps to stay afloat which provides insulation for aquatic organisms underneath. Another reason for why ice caps stay afloat is that water is less dense when frozen. This means that the ice caps do not fall through into the water as it is less dense so it remains on the waters surface. Water is also essential for many chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and hydrolysis. In photosynthesis, water is transparent which allows light to penetrate through to the chlorophyll to absorb as much sunlight as it can. It also allows water to absorbed up the xylem in a constant column which also aids photosynthesis. During hydrolysis, water breaks certain polymers which helps to break up salts when they are being dissolved. Water also provides lubrication to bones as it makes up synovial fluids in bone joints and the pleural fluid which surrounds the lungs. Lastly, water also has a significance in the food chain. Producers which are mainly made up of water such as lettuce and leaves are relied on to provide water for consumers. Water has a huge biological importance for all living organisms as it is the building blocks to each individual organism. Without water, there may not even be the life forms we see on this earth today. How to cite The Biological Importance of Water, Essay examples

Business IT Alignment Business Consumer Satisfaction

Question: Describe about the Business IT Alignment for Business Consumer Satisfaction. Answer: Introduction: The study includes the information that an organization can analyse and use for making better stand at the market and consumer satisfaction. Through the use of the Porters 5 forces that is a significant tool for understanding and investigating the competitive advantage, the organizations can create their future strategies. Through the discussion of web2 and web 3 technologies it has been derived that by utilizing this technologies the organizations can facilitate the user-interaction in terms of interface. In addition to that, web 2 and 3 allows the organization to social integration that allows to connect with the consumer 24*7. Porters 5 Forces: Tool for Analyzing Competitive Environment: Analysts all over the globe consider Porter's five forces as an extreme useful tool that is utilized for investigating the competition within business strategy development and industry. Advantages and Disadvantages: The advantages of the Porter's five forces are as following. The tool is simple to use and effective enough to support finding if any power lies within business situation (Porter 1979). Assists organization to gain better competitive position. The disadvantages of the Porter's five forces are as following. It ignores particular factors that are associated with the firm. The external factors are put on emphasis (Porter and Heppelmann 2014). Does not consider institutional issue as an inflectional force rather considers it as only a factor. It cannot assist if any revolutionary alteration occurs in the industry. Multi-industry conglomerates cannot be described or analyzed (Lee et al. 2012). Analysis: The five forces of the Porter's five forces are such as supplier power, buyer power, competitive rivalry, threat of substitution, threat of new entry. Figure 1: The Porter's five forces (Source: Porter 1979) Suppose someone is trying to buy a farm. If Porter's five forces are used then the following can be derived. Supplier power: The uniqueness of the product can affect the suppliers mentality to raise the price. If a product is very crucial for conducting the business it is supplied by one or two suppliers then the supplier can have control over the origination (Porter 1979). Threat of new entry: If the organization can profit from the business extensively then more organizations will be coming into the same industry. Competitive rivalry: Severe competition puts tough downward pressure on costs. The threat of substitution: Whether the product can be extensively used in the local area (Porter and Heppelmann 2014). Buyer power: The buyer power is strong is the competition becomes strong. Pressure on lessening the prices can occur (Lee et al. 2012). Strategic Alignment: IT-business alignment is the communication between the information technology and the business objectives of an organization. For gaining significant success, the organizations make use of these two factors and maintain it over time. The Objective of IT-Business Alignment: At present various organizations are making use of the information technology for attaining various advantages in the future. The advantages are such as reduced costs, enhanced productivity, developing fresh business strategies, sustaining repeatable service levels and many more (Luftman 2003). The role that has been reserved for information technology is specifically subservient in terms of business planning. The strategic divergences ae considered as the counter productive and extremely frustrating. This divergence results into complex IT infrastructure. Because of the complex infrastructure, sustaining and modifying the overlying business operations gets difficult. The prime purpose of the IT-business alignment is to assist the organizations to focus on business focus IT strategy approach rather than conventional retro-fitting business functionality. Improving the IT-Business Alignment: In this context, three strategies has been introduced for enhancing the IT-business alignment. Employing business relationship manager: Various organizations are considering to establish business facing roles that are responsible for developing and maintaining relationship between business and Information Technology (Luftman 2003). Changing vocabulary: All the organizations must utilize the business of reference and focus more on the business objectives rather than investing extensively in the information technology. Establishing governance activity: Through the implementation of the governance activity, the organizations can get great assistance in terms of decision making and investing (Grembergen 2000). The Advantages of Data Management: The benefits of the data management are as following. Allow establishing control: through the implementation of the control over its data, an organization can provide authorization to access its data as per its criteria and business rules (Farber et al. 2012). In addition to that, the organization can also determine that which users can carry out what kind of activities. Data map: The data map should not be considered as a one-time exercise. The data map assists in keeping the organizations data updated (Pitoura and Samaras 2012). This facilitates updating the database. Segmenting data: Through the use of the data mapping process sectioning the data will be simple and effective (Farber et al. 2012). Regular data hygiene activity: Decaying the data will be faster. The data mapping will assist the system to send accurate information to the right person (Pitoura and Samaras 2012). Significant of Adopting Web2 and Web 3 Technologies: Web 2.0: Social networking: Through the social networking, the furthermost migration of people into the virtual world has been possible. Because of this technology, the people are not only able to interact in the virtual world but also able to communicate overseas (Venkatesh, Croteau and Rabah 2014). Video sharing: The video are the most complex element among all thee multimedia. Through sharing the video of it and its product the organization can do promotion in a completely new way (Berthon et al. 2012). Web services and smashups: It utilizes and enables open flows of information from one online platform to another and one online service to another (Venkatesh, Croteau and Rabah 2014). Cloud computing: The cloud computing allows the organization to allow its employees to access the system from remote location (Berthon et al. 2012). Web 3.0: The most significant contribution of the Web 3.0 to the technology is that it allows accessing data from anywhere. The approach was driven the extensive use of the cloud applications and smart phones (Garrigos et al. 2012). Web 3.0 makes sure that a user can access as much data as required from anywhere. Threats that Generate from Dynamic and Complex Technology: One threat that is associated with the advance technology is that the employees get to lose their jobs to the machines as the machines are considered as more accurate than human (Tassey 2014). This is a serious threat to the society as the whole economical structure of the world will be changed. Another threat that the complex and dynamic technology poses that the vulnerability of the technology allows many attackers to gain the sensitive data of the organization. If the services of an organization are customer centric then most priority should be given to secure the information of the user (Bogard, Liu and Chiang 2013). Instead of so much security, the attacker gains access to the consumer data such as account related information. Conclusion: From the above study, it can be concluded that the organization irrespective of its industry can make use of the information technology for enhancing the business objectives and profit. The business-IT alignment is a very good approach for making the business grows in an rapid pace. Instead of having so much significance, the IT-business alignment can make the business vulnerable. Though many benefits and are drawbacks can be stated in the context of complex and dynamic technology, the use of more complex technology will assist in facilitating the daily lives of the people. References: Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Bogard, T., Liu, M. and Chiang, Y.H.V., 2013. Thresholds of knowledge development in complex problem solving: A multiple-case study of advanced learners cognitive processes.Educational Technology Research and Development,61(3), pp.465-503. Farber, F., Cha, S.K., Primsch, J., Bornhovd, C., Sigg, S. and Lehner, W., 2012. SAP HANA database: data management for modern business applications.ACM Sigmod Record,40(4), pp.45-51. Garrigos-Simon, F.J., Lapiedra Alcam, R. and Barber Ribera, T., 2012. Social networks and Web 3.0: their impact on the management and marketing of organizations.Management Decision,50(10), pp.1880-1890. Lee, H., Kim, M.S. and Park, Y., 2012. An analytic network process approach to operationalization of five forces model.Applied Mathematical Modelling,36(4), pp.1783-1795. Luftman, J., 2003. Assessing IT/business alignment.Information Systems Management,20(4), pp.9-15. Pitoura, E. and Samaras, G., 2012.Data management for mobile computing(Vol. 10). Springer Science Business Media. Porter, M.E. and Heppelmann, J.E., 2014. How smart, connected products are transforming competition.Harvard Business Review,92(11), pp.64-88. Tassey, G., 2014. Competing in advanced manufacturing: The need for improved growth models and policies.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,28(1), pp.27-48. Van Grembergen, W., 2000. The balanced scorecard and IT governance. InIRMA Conference(pp. 1123-1124). Venkatesh, V., Croteau, A.M. and Rabah, J., 2014. Perceptions of effectiveness of instructional uses of technology in higher education in an era of Web 2.0. In2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences(pp. 110-119). IEEE.

Prologue Essay Example

Prologue Essay Thesis Rorers sin for seeking revenge is worse than Hester and Urethras adultery sin because Roger took it upon himself to seek Justice in an inhumane way that lead to the death of Arthur, Pearl without a father, and Hester alone to raise Pearl without the love of her life. Although Hester and Arthur committed adultery sin, which is punishable by death, Rorers sin to seek revenge is even worse because he decided someone elses faith for them, when the Puritans believed only God can control that. The towns people were convinced Dry. Chlorinating moved into Arthur Damselflys mom to be his caretaker; only Hester knew his real reasoning behind being Urethras doctor. While Dry. Chlorinating was collecting herbs for his medicine Hester decided to confront him: muff hound him every waking moment, give him false medical advice, to increase his discomfort, and cause him to die a living death each day. Hester has figured out Rorers purpose to deteriorate Urethras health is the ultimate revenge he hopes to accomplish for Hester cheating on him. Roger has given Arthur the wrong medication Just so he can watch the reverend die slowly and painfully. In the end of the story with his last breath Arthur comes clean about his sins to the town and wishes God can forgive Roger because he has deeply sinned. In contrast to Rorers sin, Arthur was set free for telling the truth and died in peace. During this time the Puritans abided by laws from the bible; only God controls faith. Because Roger became evil he decided Urethras faith by lying and giving false medical advice. For that he has sinned more deeply than Hester and Arthur because they told the truth about their secrets while Roger has defied God. We will write a custom essay sample on Prologue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Prologue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Prologue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

buy custom The Social Responsibility of Apple essay

buy custom The Social Responsibility of Apple essay Apple Company is driven by the practice of the highest standard of social responsibility to both its workers and chain of suppliers. The company is mandated to the provision of safe working environment to the workers. Their value is to accord respect to workers and deploy manufacturing processes that are environmentally friendly. It is through this spirit of upholding the companys ethos that the company is committed to its social responsibility. The company outlines its responsibilities in areas such human labor, health, safety, and environmental management (APPLE Report, 2011). The companys continued effort in exercising their code of conduct is outlined further in their commitment to monitor the compliance of their activities. This is efficiently done through the factorys auditing procedures, corrective action plans, and measures of verifications. They also have extensive capacity building to the overall management of the company (Warr, 1986). These on site programs are aimed at addressing the underlying issues within the industry groups and other stakeholders. Capacity building is also meant to enforce the trust between the company and suppliers and workers. Social responsibility, therefore, remains fundamental tool to Apples business (Warr, 1986). Apples social responsibility include complete monitoring on compliance of supply materials, and expansion on training facilities in order to absorb more workers within the company. Through capacity building initiative, workers are supposed to understand their rights and the accorded protections whenever such rights are violated. The company also draws remarkably from various resources to protect the right of workers who undertake jobs in the foreign countries. The situations that clout foreign workers comprise exorbitant charges that plunge workers into debt. Apple move to curb these violations are part of their incredible activities. They engage in search of these violations and respond positively to protect the right of workers. Suppliers in the foreign branches are also protected through constant auditing of production. These standards have so far seen workers remunerated well, and recruitment fee is also lowered. For example, in Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore, in the year 2008, t here was a reimbursement $3.4 million to cater for overcharges that were imposed on the recruitment fee. This was followed by rigorous training to the foreign workers in areas of ethical and legal obligations. Suppliers of the products are also trained on how to conduct their recruitment process in order to improve business practices (Apple Report, 2011). Apple Company is committed to prevention of child labor. They company is equipped with facilities that verify the age factor and are able to detect underage workers. To contain this situation, they participate in education to instill best practices in managing recruitment of the third parties. The companys significant move is to ensure that the underage are returned to school and levies imposed on them as education fee is paid. To ensure free conflict environment in the work place, apples responsibility has been to identify areas of potential conflict within the suppliers as well as the workers. This paper, therefore, provides a detailed social responsibility undertaken by Apple Company to its workers, suppliers and consumers (Deane, 1997). Workers empowerment Empowering workers remains the central responsibility and focus of Apple Company. The company has undertaken various measures and strategies to ensure that there is awareness among workers. This is done through social trainings of managers, supervisors and workers. For example, in the year 2009, the company organized a training program for all workers, managers and supervisors. This particular on site training was meant for those who worked on apple products. The training was based on the rights of the workers under apple code of conduct (Apple Progress Report, 2011). Extension on the training initiative was facilitated by ensuring subsequent additional of training facilities which enabled delivery of social training. Areas that are given major focus during the training process include rights of the workers, laws regarding labor, prevention of occupational diseases and work related injuries, general health and safety measures. Apple Company also ensures that their social responsibili ty is lived by training managers and supervisors on various ways to protect the interest of the workers. The overall purpose of training within the company is to impact social responsibility and trust from the company to the workers as well as workers to the company (Apple Report, 2011; John et al, 1976). Throughout the training process towards empowering workers, quality is of the essence to the company. It is within their mandate to enhance training of high quality. They have achieved this through bringing other companies on board to facilitate training process. This has been the inclusion of internationally recognized NGOs like fair labor association. It provides a critical evaluation of training regarding social responsibility involving the high level assembly manufacturers (Kenichie, 1999). Venturing into training issues is to increase the level of awareness among workers especially on their right to work. The training is also meant to eliminate harassment, discrimination and grievances that may arise from the workers. Apple Company has undertaken this through initiating various interactive sessions between employers and employees to get employees perceptions and expectations (Ruggie, 2004). Foreign workers protection Foreign workers and suppliers have been harassed at the work place. Examples are in countries like Malaysia, and Taiwan. They are also charged exorbitantly in terms of recruitment fee. However, through various audits that the company carried out, they were able to establish forms of exploitations that have been subjected to migrant workers. Apple addresses these issues through taking actions that regard hiring practices that are outside companys ethos. Foreign workers have been embarked through a complex recruitment process. They paid exorbitant recruitment fee to obtain work permit. Following this mismanagement in the recruitment process, Apple Company has moved swiftly to protect its workers in the foreign country. Some of the measures have included measures for recruiting foreign workers such as reimbursement of charges in cases of overcharge. Other future measures towards protection of workers have included working together with governments agencies and stakeholders to educate su ppliers on how to improve recruitment practices. Workers have also been enlightened on their obligations to legal and ethical issues surrounding their work environment (Zadek, 2004). Issues of recruitment fee are the central focus to Apple Company. In cases where suppliers have engaged third parties, workers have been rendered into debts especially in accessing employment. Apple Company has a strict code of ethics that regulates and prohibits debt and overcharges in labor industry. They ensure that their recruitment fee is limited and equivalent to that of monthly wages. The code of conducts requires that the suppliers embark on reimbursement of overcharge funds to foreigners who are contract workers (Cogan, 2003). Auditing programs are also provided to the countries known to be the destination of the contract workers. For example, apple has done the exercise in Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia relating to facilities that are available in those countries. The key organization of the auditing process involved proper understanding of workers rights, laws that govern their rights and the language that they understand best in the destination country (Holliday, 2002). Apple has been able to prevent foreign contract workers violation by putting significant business clout behind. It however, focuses on initiatives that changes relationships between labor brokers, and suppliers. They have also reiterated their commitments towards work related issues in the foreign countries. This work issues entails cases of debts and unethical recruitment. Their auditing programs have been supported by a number of companies such as standards for prevention of involuntary labor. Main areas of concern in protection of for eign workers have been focused in areas such as workers grievances, management of various agencies, handling of workers transports, work requirements, and other management practices associated with the company. Other measures to sustain social responsibilities of the company have been to uphold suppliers as totally responsible for the recruitment practices. This is emphasized in agencies that deal with work related issues and recruitment practices. According to progress report of Apple Company for the year 2010, there were various auditing undertaken at 18 facilities at the most risky countries. The results revealed how most workers have paid exorbitant fees for the recruitment process. The company was to ask the suppliers involved in the recruitment process to embark on reimbursement process. Apple Company also curtailed such cases by ensuring that there was an initiated workshop for all the management bodies especially those in Taiwan. The workshop was meant to cover ways of preventing forced labor, and child labor. Other practices that were discussed and implemented by the company included monitoring labor agency and its related practices, processes of hiring, and management of foreign workers on site. The company incorporated countries like Thailand, Philippines, and Taiwan into management programs in order to protect foreign workers. The talk was supposed to offer a wide range of information. Information was supposed to ac cessed and shared across the aforementioned countries. This is to protect the rights of the foreign workers. Provision of laws and programs regarding recruitment practices were also initiated to ensure that management issues and hiring processes are properly handled (Deming, 1986). Child labor prevention The company does not make a nuisance of child labor. Any worker that is found below the stipulated working age has grossly violated apple company code of conduct. This audit reports showing cases of underage workers usually call for immediate actions that include those of returning such workers to school. Once one is redirected back to education mainstream, all the funds regarding educational practices are provided. To ensure that there will be no repeat of such cases, the company usually moves to improve onthe management facilities and human resource. Apple Company has established both educational and vocational facilities to improve on the sources of labor. Institutions ensure that the provided workers meet labor demands (Baron, 2007). Practices in search for underage laborers also became central concern for Apple Company. In 2010, for example, the company did a search on underage labor by interviewing workers regarding their recruitment procedures. The other areas that were scrutinized include workers identity and employment status. Lack of scrutiny on labor issues clouded Chinese labor practices. There were established unsophisticated materials for hiring workers. These systems were inconsistent in terms of verifying the age of workers and their identities. To ensure utmost social responsibility, the company has instituted policies and procedures. This is aimed at preventing recruitment of underage workers. Training of managers is also undertaken within the company, and the affected areas in order to enhance that recruitment of workers are done on the best ways possible. The company has also required various suppliers to take up the responsibilities of taking underage workers back to school. They are also require d to meet the expenses that may be incurred in school, this also include the payments regarding living standards. Necessary support is also accorded to students who are taken back to school to meet their needs and boost expectations. However, underage workers are not just taken back to school. Apple ensures that the family members especially parents are contacted and students are enrolled in schools. The progress is monitored through check ups. Monitoring is also done on the educational and career options of the students in areas that interest them the most (Apple Progress Report, 2011). The key social responsibility of the apple industry is to prevent and proscribe underage labor. There are established standards within the company towards prevention of underage labor. These standards contain methods of preventing underage labor. The standards also give clarification on the responsibilities of managers especially with regards to recruiting workers. Workers are required to maintain proper documentation and verification of age before any recruitment is done. The labor standards also demands that issues regarding labor and employments are uphold. Employment agencies and school programs are suppose to exercise efficacy in bringing on board employees. This is a responsibility that is left for the suppliers. Apple Company has also launched a training initiative with interactive workshop between human resource managers and workers as well as the suppliers. This workshop is meant to provide an opportunity to share information regarding challenges and gain best practices. Ind ividual interaction between the company and suppliers has also favored implementation of measures and strategies to improve management systems (Deane, 1997). Conflict free environment Social responsibility of Apple Company has also been extended to an environment that is free from conflicts. Areas where raw materials are extracted require that it does not conflict with the expectations of the local inhabitants, especially their social way of life. Extraction of materials such as metals is done in a more friendly way. To ensure that this act is maintained to the standards, Apple Company ensures that their suppliers only supply materials that are outsourced to a conflict free environment. The extraction of materials must always adhere to the companys regulations and standards on maintaining a healthy and friendly environment for humans. However, the company usually face a great challenge, since mining of core materials used in the industry is done mainly by family members or the businesses of mining is a family run. The companys combination of chain of suppliers makes it difficult to track and establish the exact place of mining (Ruggie, 2004). Despite of the challenges faced, apple is still strong to face and tackle the various challenges imposed on the environment. The company develops mechanisms that map the supply chain to a smelter level. This is to enable the company to identify particular suppliers that supply low quality raw materials. The act of tracking supply chain helps in establishing whether resources are obtained from a conflict free environment. Apple Company also works in a joint effort with other global initiatives towards environmental sustainability. The main aim of these initiatives is to validate the practices by smelters on the ores and free conflict sources. The company also lives to their business ethics. Through this they ensure that only smelters that meet the company code of ethics for environmental sustainability are allowed to smelt the sources of metals. Smelters are, therefore, required to smelt only from sources that comply with companys standards (Warr, 1986). The other major obligation of the company regarding extractions is to identify the origin of ores. This is followed by a credible validation on whether the sources are safe for human health. To ensure that everything is put under proper procedure and guideline, the company audits to identify smelters who show that company secure extractions from sources which are not disputed. The process of auditing includes a thorough review of procedures of doing business and documents the sources of raw materials and methods of purchases. The company also has the obligation to declare the supplier as a noncompliant to the companys rules. This, however, happens in a situation where there is enough evidence that the material raises conflict. Sometimes smelters fail to participate in the auditing processes or fail to produce a good documentation on the source of the material. This is enough evidence to prove that the source of the ore or the ore itself is conflicting. To contain this conflicting sit uation, apple company purchase materials from the suppliers who source materials from a conflict free mine or environment. Practices like validation of the sources have also been incorporated in the regular auditing program (Cogan, 2003). Monitoring Social responsibility of a company such as apple in the corporate world does not rest anywhere. Monitoring program has been part of the apple company. The key responsibility of the audit program is to ensure that conditions under which the companys product is manufactured are socially and environmentally responsible. For compliance of facilities, Apple Company has participated in auditing program. According to progress report of 2011, the company management asserts that the facility that passes the test of compliance within a company is capable of producing the greatest impact. The procedure of auditing involves a series of interviews with employees, contract workers, and firms management team in their areas of the profession (John et al, 1976). Management is sometimes blamed on lack of compliance for facilities. This happens in situations where the management structure weak to support compliance of materials. However, the overall process of auditing usually shows compliance to a number of facilities. Lack of managerial capability drives Apple Company to act upon social responsibility by conducting an examination process to the management system. The company, therefore, defines policies and procedures, responsibilities, roles and training programs that ensure that proper management systems are put into practice. In cases where the violation of the program is recognized, the company undertakes its social responsibility by ensuring that corrective action plan is highly implemented. The implementation of the corrective action plan is supposed to address issues regarding violations of code of conduct within the apples company. The goal of monitoring compliance of facilities wins trust of workers, employers as well as consumers. It is therefore, within the mandate of Apple Company and its existence on a business world, to ensure that all its facilities comply with the code of ethics regarding the business. The result of this assurance and trust is to maintain the social responsibilities for the consumers of technology and the employees population. Interactive verification on the audit program is an assurance that actions are undertaken to ensure social responsibility. This enhanced collaborating with various suppliers to fully address issues dealing with compliance (Friedman, 1970). Broader implications/challenges Violations of ethical standards remain a key concern of the apple company. There are various forms of violations, but the major one being the core violations. Core violation is the practices that are against the code and practices of the apple company. Examples of such violations may include underage workers, harassment, discrimination, involuntary labor, falsification of the audited materials and creating a non conducive environment which may impose significant threats to the work environment (Kenichie, 1999). In circumstances where violations are detected, Apple Company has moved to provide possible solutions to such problems. The strategies are staged to ensure that there is safety, healthy conditions for human living, works rights, and socially conducive environment. Core violations also require that management facilities are put under probation annually in order to ensure that core violations does not occur again. Alongside probation period, Apple Company also works in collaboration with the supplies to explore possible solutions to challenges imposed. The collaborative work focuses on verifications towards corrective measures and set a side improvement strategy. Another challenge that faced Apple Company is suicidal acts by the companys workers. Workers were reported to take their lives in the companys facilities. Since Apple Company is committed to ensuring that their social responsibility is uphold, they engaged other experts from across the globe. These experts took action towards preventing other strategies related to suicide at the work facilities. Taking of ones life is a saddening event and can cause the company through losing confidence in their activities especially by the consumer world. The resultant effect of this is lack of competent participation in the worlds business economy. Social responsibility has since been reiterated within the company by hiring suicide prevention professionals. These specialists act mainly to give advisory services to the company in line with suicide matters (Deming, 1986)). The other areas to ensure that social responsibility is upheld in the business world, especially by Apple Company, saw them constitute a committee. The commission is charged with responsibility of reviewing any reported issue on suicide within the committee. The committee also consists of suicide experts that offer possible prevention mechanisms within the facilities. The constituted team is suppose to investigate on the cause of suicides within the companies facilities, responses to such case, and to recommend the best strategies that should be implemented to help prevent recurrence of such a situation in the future. Other challenges consist of exposure to toxic chemicals or gases. Some irritant chemicals are inhaled within the company by the workers. This is sometimes caused by poor ventilation in the factory, lack of proper handling and disposal of waste materials, inadequate risk assessment measures and training facilities in handling and responding to emergencies. For example, Apple Company has been exposed to a gas referred to as N-Hexane. This is a chemical used as cleaning agents in the factory in manufacturing procedures. In situations where the operations were carried out without ensuring proper ventilation, the gas was reported to have become toxic. This, however, goes against the Apple social responsibility which is to protect the workers from being endangered or exposed to any substance that may become a threat to their safety and general well being. The use of the gas within the facility pushed Apple Company to order for the stoppage of use of the gas and consequent removal of the ga s from the facility. There was needed urgency within the apple facilities in terms of fixing ventilations within the facilities. To cover future recurrence of gases within the facility, apple management has stepped in to work with various experts to improve on environmental health and safety policies or measures. General monitoring of preventive actions is also done by the company, their implementation especially of the corrective measures and auditing of the procedures and the progress of policies to put in place in order to avoid violation of core social responsibilities of the apple company (Ruggie, 2004 and Apple Progress Report, 2011. In line with those who were affected with the toxic chemicals, the company always ensures that their medical cover is taken care of properly until they fully recuperate. Workers who are victims in such circumstances are paid their wages that they may have lost when they are sick in the hospital. They are also provided with meals and the company subsequently continues to monitor their medical progress and prepare a full report of the medical cover up to the time that they are fully recovered. When the workers who are sick register full recovery to the problem, they are ensured that they are returned to their work place so as to continue recovering their economic loses too (Zadek, 2004). Responses Apple mandate is premised at the safeguarding of their social responsibility at the work environment as well as the general environment. In cases where discrimination has been exhibited, apples company code has been applied effectively to protect workers as well as members of the general business world from various forms of discrimination. The code of conduct within apples company protect against discrimination, be it on the basis of sex, race, gender, color or any other form of sexual orientation. It also covers areas to do with ethnicity, religious beliefs, any form of disability, and any form of health conditions of workers, employers as well as the consumers among other factors. In cases where such violations are undertaken in the form of discrimination against others, Apple Company has taken corrective actions to ensure that such practices are recognized as violations of human rights and their dignity. If cases are registered within the facility, the company always requires that the facility move quickly to discontinue these forms of practices. This is achieved through establishing clear guidelines and policies regarding respect to human dignity in order to prevent any future occurrence of such violations (Holliday, 2002). In terms of working hours, the code of work ethics requires that a worker takes 60 work hours per week. The code of the company also stipulates that a person or worker is given at least one day of rest per week among the seven working days in a week. In the case where there are emergencies, the workers are always given time to attend to their emergencies. However, sometimes these are not the case in the company; for example, there have been situations where workers have exceeded their working hours. Some cases have been registered where workers have overworked for more than six days per month. This is taken to be a violation of code of conduct regarding the number of hours one is suppose to discharge their duties. In situations where such violations have been noticed, the company has so far responded by developing a proper management system to improve on the existing management system. This set of the management system is suppose to drive and ensure that there is compliance with work ing hours that are recommended by the company. This is to ensure that the working hours are limited, and at least there must be one day of rest for workers in a week (Friedman, 1970). There are times that there are injuries related to occupation within the company. The core mandate of apple social responsibility is to ensure that safe and healthy environment is provided for the workers. They undertake this by ensuring that there is complete elimination of physical threats within the facilities. Further measures have been to establish an administrative body that regulates and controls the risks that may occur in the work environment. All dangerous machines in the facilities are equipped with the safety devices, and regular maintenance is also performed especially on the old materials to ensure any possible risk is avoided. This is done through the establishment of schedules on which maintenance and inspection is carried out. On this day, the workers are not supposed to report working so as to eliminate any potential injury that may occur. Workers are also subjected to the appropriate training on the safety measures as a response to curb injuries within the facility . They are always equipped with disaster preparedness equipments, licenses and certificates as required by law on industrial maintenance (Deane, 1997). Emergency preparedness and response is always at the centre of any company, and Apple Company is not an exception. The companys code requires that the possible threat to the company is anticipated, and identified by the management team in time. Assessment on the nature of the situation is also carried out. This is done to ensure that there is a minimum impact of any emergency by ensuring that policies regarding safety measures are implemented with both response plans and procedures. Towards emergency prevention, the company has responded by ensuring that there is an adequate supply of facilities involving the supply of first aid kits. Areas that have potential dangers have been supplied with construction of first aid stations in order to contain situations arising from emergencies. The first aid area is maintained under good condition all the time, with a constant supply of the necessary materials to provide access and actions during the time of emergencies. Apple Companys also respond to construct exit points in the facilities. They are always checked to ensure that they are spacious enough to easier evacuation during the time of an emergency (Apple report, 2011). Ergonomics is also another area addressed by the company as part of their social responsibility. The company has codes that require for the assessment of facilities that are likely to cause ergonomic risks and threats. Where such cases are identified, serious response has always been instituted to avoid dangers that may be exposed to workers. Workstations have been designed to provide good posture during the working hours and other work glasses such as the magnifying glasses to ensure proper visibility. Workers are also rotated in the working station especially from one task to another to ensure that there is a reduction in the competitive motion that may confuse the workers. Other responses to ergonomics risks have included hiring professional workers. They are supposed to identify areas in the operations regarding manufacturing that is likely to cause risks and other injuries. They are then supposed to give recommendations on measures to be taken to curb any risk that might come ou t (Apple Report, 2011). The overall mandate of Apple Company regarding social responsibility has been to provide the best management practices. They emphasize on the management commitment to the code regarding social responsibility. These management issues may concern bringing on board dedicated team that is accountable for the compliance of the facilities within the company. The management is also charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the various implementations are undertaken regarding the procedures of corrective measures. This is particularly important when areas of conflict are identified within the facilities. The company, in the midst of ensuring that there are proper management procedures. They also ensure that there are training programs on site for both workers and managers. This is to ensure that there is strong human resource. Appointments are also done based on the qualifications and therefore, highly qualified personnel are brought on board. The aim is that various and important mea sures are implemented in the company and daily operations on the business undertaken. Conclusions Apple Company has been in the forefront in demonstrating its genuine commitment to the global business economy. They have addressed complex business issues in regard to social responsibility within the business companies. Their main interest area has been in recruitment issues, underage workers and general empowerment of workers. Towards achieving their goals, they have taken positive steps by establishing certain limits to control and regulate violations that may occur. In cases of overcharge of recruitment fee, they have been crusaders to reimbursement of such charges. Just like any other company, challenges continue to be the format of daily battle. These obstacles are meant to redefine the steps necessary to define the responsible role the business company protect the rights of workers, managers and consumers. Buy custom The Social Responsibility of Apple essay

Effect of Organizations Culture and Diversity Essay - 1

Effect of Organizations Culture and Diversity - Essay Example Morgan said that this perspective gives importance to the â€Å"human nature of organizations and building the organization around people rather than techniques† (Buchanan, 1997, p. 517). Baron and Greenberg (1989) said that initial culture of an organization comes from the founders who inculcate their values and vision to the staff first employed and transmitted to succeeding employees. Schein (1983) also elaborated on the strong formative influence of the founder and early senior managers in creating its culture (Buchanan, 1997). Robbins supported the view that the company’s current top managers are the ‘culture carriers’ and set the standards for acceptable behavior (Buchanan, 1997). Organizational norms are the expected modes of behavior for individuals and groups, based on an organization’s values and beliefs (Buchanan, 1997). Norms, in turn, reinforce shared values and beliefs (Buchanan, 1997). However, the perpetuation of a culture to serve th e purposes of the dominant culture is insensitivity to the diversity issue. Flowers and Richardson (1996) observed that â€Å"existing rules and standards were labeled as manifestly biased by Eurocentrism and white male favoritism† (Stark, 2003, para. 1). This is further bolstered by Harrison (Ben Harrison Associates Inc.) in his observation that the â€Å"white male club control the resources, and probably the most misinformed group† (Challenge, n.d., p. 2). A corporate culture overshadowed by discrimination and inequality would affect communication, teamwork, and decision-making in an organization. Baron and Greenberg (1989) defined communication as the process of transmitting information by one person, group, or organization to another through recognized channels. Reitz (1981, p. 311) argued that communication can be discouraged â€Å"by manipulating the physical and psychological distance.†Ã‚  

Business arguments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business arguments - Research Paper Example Carbaugh (2004) understands that environmentalists put forward three key claims to support and rationalize their point of view. According to Carbaugh (2004) these assertions state that: The liberalization of trade is responsible for initiating the â€Å"race to the bottom† with respect to environmental standards. Trade liberalization poses a conflict with the morally acceptable environmental laws, standards, rules and policies that should be imposed and regulated across the globe. The liberalization of trade also leads to the production and subsequent trade of products that are responsible for contributing towards overall pollution rates across the globe, these locations are also referred to as â€Å"pollution havens†. Responding to the environmentalists’ arguments regarding the adverse effects of trade liberalization on the environment are the proponents of the notion, who claim that regulations such as the â€Å"polluter-pays policy† can actually benefit the environment by incentivizing manufacturers and traders to formulate innovative methodologies for managing augmented levels of pollution (Carbuagh, 2004). This perspective highlights the multidimensional nature of the topic at hand because it encompasses a range of opinions, attitudes and judgments with respect to the association that is shared between free trade and the environment. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore, discuss and analyze the environmentalists’ assertions regarding the harmful impact of trade liberalization on the environment by assessing the validity of the arguments and counter-arguments that have been put forward by analysts and researchers in relation with the topic. In order to successfully and effectively achieve the objectives of the research, the outline of the paper follows a systematic structure. This structure assists the explanation of recreated arguments and counter-arguments, by highlighting the party that is involved in the issue in addition with the party’s assertion and objective followed by an evaluation of the identified perspectives to conclude whether the contradictory positions that constitute of this discussion can be effectively resolved. The first assertion that is presented by environmentalists outlines the drastic increase in the competitive nature of the business landscape that is prompted by trade liberalization and the elimination of trade barriers. Environmentalists argue that the escalation of these competitive pressures will likely impact existing environmental policies and regulations in an adverse manner thereby, leading to a relaxation in environmental standards that are presently maintained by various countries (Esty, 2001). This argument is essentially rooted in a country’s decision to eliminate increased costs that are incurred by its producers and manufacturers in a bid to develop innovative techniques for reducing pollution levels (Esty, 2001). Esty (2001) c laims that when a nation which regulates high environmental standards wishes to compete with a country that only maintains the minimal level of environmental policies in the international trade arena, the former maybe discouraged to uphold its rigorous environmental regulations due

BT Global Services Strategic Analysis

BT Global Services Strategic Analysis In the past BT Global services strategy has experienced hard times, resulting in the company incurring high levels of debt through the heavy use of joint ventures. In recent times, BT Global Services have adapted from this past by offering more homogeneous products, leading to a needs-based strategy focusing on multinational corporations instead of products intended for domestic use, as they offer in the UK. Their strategy is based on their strategic position in the telecoms industry: Hard for new competitors to enter, however they have a competitive parity with their main competitors ATT, Verizon Business and Orange Business Services. Their large client base and brand image has played a key role in their strategy for targeting multinational corporations and world governments. However, they show a weakness that they have a relatively high senior management turnover which may have had a negative effect on their strategy formation process. Due to the size of BT Group, it is difficult to judge the success of BTGS strategy in relation to the whole of the corporations operations. However, as a business unit, their financial results are inconsistent potentially showing that improvements are needed to be made. Recommendations made relate to maintaining key senior management staff; truly differentiating themselves by innovating to create a temporary competitive advantage; and to focus on European based multinational corporations to take advantage of BTs brand power that it has developed in that region. 1. Introduction to the report This report contains a strategic analysis of the international company BT Group (BT) focusing upon its business unit BT Global Services (BTGS) through the lens of strategic formation. The report starts with an analysis of BT Groups overall strategy, then their subsidiary BT Global Services global strategy, then the report progresses onto conducting an external and internal analysis before concluding with recommendations. 2. Introduction to the Company British Telecommunications (BT Group) is one of the largest publicly traded companies in the FTSE 100 at the present time, with a market capitalisation of  £ 13,818 million (London Stock Exchange, 2011). The company operates in the telecommunications industry supplying various products ranging from Broadband to Ethernet to Voice. From humble origins as a subsidiary of The Post Office and its initial public offering in 1982, BT has grown into a large multi national company whilst maintaining itself as the market leader in the UK. Since its flotation, BT has been prevalent on the international scene, entering joint ventures with many overseas corporations, most notably ATT. (BT Plc, 2011) 3. BT Group Overall BT Groups strategy has been focused on standardisation of their products and services; since 2009 they have decreased their range of products from 3,500 to 1,400 (BT, 2011). In the future BT are planning to combining their global networks into one standard network, by doing this they aim for a cost transformation (BT Plc, 2010). Since Global Services expansion abroad, BT Group has had to change its strategy to protecting its dominant market share in the UK after deregulations in the UK and the subsequent emergence of foreign competitors has posed a threat (Turner and Gardiner, 2007). BT Groups strategy for their domestic marker involves diversification into new markets such as Broadband, Online gaming, Voice, TV and IT services (BT Plc, 2010). 4. BT Global Services BT Global Services have experienced some large changes over the past decade, they have just recovered from incurring large losses standing out from BT groups improving subsidiaries financial achievements: their pre-tax profits fell 45% in three months (BBC, 2009). These large losses were contributed to BTGS bad global strategy during the period of 1994 to 2004. During this period BT set out to become the largest supplier of telecommunications, therefore its strategy was to expand globally. The companys target market was multinational corporations who have operations in a variety of regions. However, due to BTs industry, heavy investment in physical infrastructure would be needed. To overcome these market entry barriers, BTs strategy had to involve forming strategic alliances with foreign companies: BT committed itself to numerous joint ventures. By creating a truly global network, they hoped to posses a unique and rare product to gain the advantage over their competitors who could not offer such a large network (BBC, 1999; Turner and Gardiner, 2007). Nevertheless, this did not succeed. Reasons for this could be attributed to their strategic alliance partnerships. BT failed to maintain stable relationships, such as for example, in their joint venture Concert originally with MCI but due to flaws in a takeover bid, this failed. BT then set up a new joint venture called New Concert with another US telecoms giant ATT. Yet this failed again. These flaws in BTs joint ventures, couple with the huge amount of debt that BT built up acquiring them, lead to BTs large losses (BBC, 2001; BBC, 2001; Turner and Gardiner, 2007). In response to these failures, BT radically changed its strategy. This strategic renewal saw BT initiate a radical withdrawal from the majority of its international markets, to consolidate their UK and EU market to protect their main source of revenue, the UK market (Forbes, 2010; Turner and Gardiner, 2007). At present they are forecasting a result of  £100m in operating cash flow this year, which is evidence that their current strategy is effective and that they have learned from their mistakes in the past. Their change of strategy can be seen by their offering of an increasingly homogeneous service around the globe (BT, 2011). Levitt (1983) highlights the importance of multinational corporations operating in a consistent manor, in BTs case, by offering the same service globally, by doing this BT can operate at a relatively low cost. BTGS are differentiating themselves by utilising a needs-based strategy. By focusing on meeting the needs of large multinational corporations that are constituents of strong global sector industries, they can differ from their competition by using their breath of scope, thanks to their large multi-protocol switching network (Porter, 1997; BT, 2011). One could say, that BTGS strategy formed itself out of an adaptive mode, in which their strategy was decided by many managers with conflicting views compromising over issues to produce their final decision; Turner and Gardiners (2007) case study outlined poor management behaviour as a cause for their initial strategys shortcomings (Mintzberg, 1978). BTs intended strategy was to replicate its business in the UK globally, however through the pattern in a stream of decisions, the realised strategy became focused on consolidating their home market and the European market, whilst taking on lighter activities worldwide. Their strategy has been formed through the environment of the dynamic telecommunications market, influenced by many changes in leadership (BBC, 2001; Mintzberg, 1978). 5. External Analysis De Wit and Mayer (2004) state that external and internal assessments are necessary for the diagnosing aspect to a realised strategy. Using Porters (2008) five forces, focusing on potential entrants of new competition and direct competitors, one can see how the competitive environment has affected BTGS strategy formation. Threat of new entrants The need for infrastructure to enter the market makes it very difficult for small firms to enter because of the huge amount of investment required. This point can be emphasised because one can see the problems BT experienced when they attempted to set up their own global system with joint ventures. Therefore all of BTs competition is from other large multinational telecommunication companies. New competitors may also find a difficulty to establish a market share due to brand issues; multinational corporations have high prerequisites and need established companies that have a track record of consistent and reliable services (Gardiner and Turner, 2004). However the global telecommunications industry has an estimated worth of 3.7 trillion dollars which may attract large multinational companies that have the resources to diversify their operations, such as Virgin group has done in the past in different markets (Plunkett Research Ltd, 2010). Direct competitors The global telecommunications market is made up of large competitors which have access to a large pool of funds for extensive advertising campaigns. These multinational corporations such as Orange Business Services, ATT and Verizon Business are strong competitors with strong brand images in their own right; however Ovum (2009) reports that the BT brand is dominant when compared. Since ATT was granted an operating licence in 1994, they have been in competition for BTGS MNCs but also BT groups domestic client base (Fagan, 1994). BTGS competitor ATT, have a similar strategy of differentiated their products to multinational corporations. Before Concert ATT strategy had involved leasing out its use of networks from BT, however they began to offer the same standardised service as they offered when cooperating with BT in Concert joint venture, supplying businesses with their own global IP network (ATT, 2011). This is very similar to BTs strategy of targeting MNCs, and so poses a great threat; their joint venture in the past had a negative affect on BTGS performance (BT Plc, 2002). Since the end of the joint venture, ATT have been heavily investing in improving their global infrastructure, and in product innovation (Pappalardo and Mears, 2002). Cooperation with this competitor in the past has proved troublesome, however BT and ATT have joined an additional strategic alliance by interlinking their video-conferencing product network (Taylor, 2010). By using this strategic alliances, BT have been able to stem competition from ATT and maintain their MNC client base. 6. Internal Analysis Following on from the external analysis using a SWOT analysis, focused on BTGS strengths and weaknesses, one can further inspect the diagnosing aspect of strategy formation. Strengths BTGS has an increasing brand power, which BTs management have been focusing on customer service (Servicedesk, 2009). The image that BT has built upon over the decades have given BT Global Services a good foundation in which to build and maintain its own. BTGS has a large client base comprising of MNCs such as Siemens and BNP Paribas, these providing BT with large volume sales. BT Global Services have also managed to secure key exclusive contracts, such as supplying Unilever with a four year contract. By securing these contracts, BT have pushed out the competition and have created an opportunity for them to extend these contracts in the future (Harris, 2010;International, 2010;BT Plc, 2009). Weaknesses A large weakness that BTGS possess is relatively high executive management turnover, since 2001 BTGS has seen many changes in management which may have diluted the companys strategic vision (BBC, 2001; BT Plc, 2010; Servicedesk, 2009; Glick, 2008). Finally, the need for an extensive global network is a necessity for BTGS, without it they have no value on their products from their clients perspective. These network infrastructures carry high maintenance costs and must be constantly innovated to compete effectively. 7. Evaluation of Strategy Overall BT Global Services strategy seems to be overdependent on joint ventures which have led BT into large debt problems. Evidence for this can be seen in their financial reports as they coincide with the break up of their joint venture New Concert; BTGS suffered a loss of  £1,459m in 2003 surprisingly after they recorded their largest profit of  £8,911m in 2001 (FAME, 2011). Whilst their turnover has been steadily increasing from 2006, BTGS management have been unable to make consistent gains on their return on total assets (FAME, 2011). This could be because of the senior management not efficiently utilising their assets. Their trade-off of excluding offering domestic telecommunication products globally has, in my opinion, been a good strategic move because, for example the US market for Ethernet services is saturated with fierce competition (Vertical, 2007). Their strategy of focusing on multinational corporations fits well with their other operations The deregulation of telecommunications has had a large impact on their global strategy as governments in developing countries lift competition rules to end state owned monopolies (Poh, 1994). This deregulation has allowed BT to branch out internationally and to set up global networks to offer their prospective clients. Since the banking crisis, BT Groups share price has been steadily rising, however this may not be due to Global Services but other operations of the group such as BT Retail or BT Innovate, therefore it is difficult to judge BTGS strategys success on the groups overall share performance (London Stock Exchange, 2011). 8. Conclusion In conclusion, BT Global services strategy can be viewed as insufficient. Their strategy has proved successful in the fact that they are acquiring exclusive contracts; steadily increasing their total revenue over the past five years and maintaining themselves as one of the largest international telecommunications company. One the other hand, they have been incurring large losses and sub optimal return on assets shedding a pessimistic view on the strategys success. Their external and internal environment can be seen as contradictory; the limited threat to new entrants and their large client base show a favourable business environment, however their current competitors and the need to maintain such a large infrastructure pose a great threat. 9. Recommendations Taking into consideration BT Global Services past strategic history and their internal and external environment, recommendations to improve their global strategy would include: Creating and sustaining a clear strategic vision by maintaining key senior management staff, by doing this BTGS will be able to maintain their objectives in accordance to their joint ventures, a problem they had with Concert. Truly differentiating themselves from ATT and Verizon Business, these two companies offer very similar IT and telecoms solutions to multinational corporations: Innovating will help create a temporary competitive advantage. Focusing on the European telecommunications market to continue securing key exclusive contracts with multinational corporations head-quartered there to take advantage of the strength that the BT brand has in that region. 10. References Andersen, T. J. (2004) Integrating the Strategy Formation Process: An International Perspective. 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